Research on Everyday Work | Knowledge & Practice

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Research on “感情”

8 studies

Everyday observational research (two diary studies)2002

Habits in Everyday Life: Thought, Emotion, and Action

During habitual actions, people were more likely to think about something unrelated to the action itself. This was consistent with the account that recurring contexts can cue behavior without renewed conscious deliberation each time.

Connection to this page

Consider which cues, such as a signal to begin work, can become habitual, while rechecking judgments when people or circumstances change.

Participants, methods, scope and bibliography

Participants and methods: Participants recorded everyday actions, thoughts and emotions at hourly intervals. Actions repeated in stable contexts were compared with other actions.
Scope and limitations: Diary observations cannot establish causality. The research does not suggest automating complex judgments at work.

Wendy Wood; Jeffrey M. Quinn; Deborah A. Kashy (2002). Habits in Everyday Life: Thought, Emotion, and Action

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1281–1297

DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281

Original research (experiment)1994

Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective

An environment that explained the reason, acknowledged feelings and conveyed choice increased the tendency to accept engagement in the task as one's own.

Connection to this page

Explain the purpose of trying an action and leave room for the person to choose, rather than simply prescribing what to do.

Participants, methods, scope and bibliography

Participants and methods: Assigned 192 psychology students to eight combinations of meaningful explanations, acknowledgment of feelings and language conveying choice, then compared subsequent engagement in an uninteresting task.
Scope and limitations: This was a short task experiment with students. It did not directly examine sustained workplace behavior or performance, and it does not show that wording alone is sufficient.

Edward L. Deci; Haleh Eghrari; Brian C. Patrick; Dean R. Leone (1994). Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective

Journal of Personality, 62(1), 119–142

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00797.x

Original research (experiments)2018

Perspective mistaking: Accurately understanding the mind of another requires getting perspective, not taking perspective

Instructions to imagine another person's perspective did not consistently improve prediction accuracy and sometimes increased confidence alone. Accuracy improved when direct conversation supplied new information.

Connection to this page

Offer a tentative understanding and ask about it, then update it from the answer, rather than deciding someone else's background or criteria for them.

Participants, methods, scope and bibliography

Participants and methods: 25 experiments tested whether instructions to imagine another person's perspective improved predictions of emotions, preferences and other states. The final experiment also compared direct conversation.
Scope and limitations: The outcome was accuracy in predicting particular mental states. The research did not directly measure consideration for others in general, long-term collaboration or workplace results.

Tal Eyal; Mary Steffel; Nicholas Epley (2018). Perspective mistaking: Accurately understanding the mind of another requires getting perspective, not taking perspective

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(4), 547–571

DOI: 10.1037/pspa0000115

Original research (individual-difference measures and experiments)2008

Why It Pays to Get Inside the Head of Your Opponent: The Differential Effects of Perspective Taking and Empathy in Negotiations

Cognitively considering the other person's position helped reveal hidden opportunities for agreement and mutually beneficial trade-offs. Results differed from those for emotional empathy.

Connection to this page

Consider the other person's circumstances and priorities alongside your own, and explore options while checking assumptions through actual dialogue.

Participants, methods, scope and bibliography

Participants and methods: Three studies compared perspective taking and empathy using individual-difference measures and experimental manipulations, examining agreements and trade-offs across negotiation issues.
Scope and limitations: The findings concern specific negotiation tasks. They do not mean empathy is unnecessary in everyday collaboration or demonstrate an ability to accurately infer another person's feelings.

Adam D. Galinsky; William W. Maddux; Debra Gilin; Judith B. White (2008). Why It Pays to Get Inside the Head of Your Opponent: The Differential Effects of Perspective Taking and Empathy in Negotiations

Psychological Science, 19(4), 378–384

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02096.x

Original experimental research1998

Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.

Reappraisal and expressive suppression both reduced emotional expression, but their effects on unpleasant feelings and sympathetic nervous system responses differed.

Connection to this page

Provides background for considering responses beyond suppressing facial expression when emotions are stirred.

Participants, methods, scope and bibliography

Participants and methods: 120 participants watched an unpleasant film under reappraisal, expressive-suppression or ordinary-viewing conditions. Subjective experience, expression and physiological responses were measured.
Scope and limitations: This was a brief experiment using a particular film. It does not identify the best response to every workplace emotion.

Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 224–237

DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224

Diary study and randomized field experiment2013

Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction.

In the diary study, mindful awareness was associated with less emotional exhaustion and greater job satisfaction. Changes in the same directions were observed in the field intervention group, and relationships with surface acting were examined.

Connection to this page

Provides background for distinguishing continued emotional pretense from noticing one's state while choosing how to respond.

Participants, methods, scope and bibliography

Participants and methods: Conducted a five-day diary study with 219 employees and a field experiment assigning 64 people to a self-guided mindfulness practice group or a control group.
Scope and limitations: The field experiment was small. Persistence of effects, occupational differences and objective work outcomes require separate examination.

Hülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J. E. M., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. W. B. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 310–325

DOI: 10.1037/a0031313

Meta-analysis2011

On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research.

Discrepancies between felt and required emotions, and surface acting, were associated with poorer well-being and negative job attitudes. Relationships differed from those for attempts to change inner feelings.

Connection to this page

Provides background for checking a person's burden and work conditions, rather than requiring them to appear cheerful at all times.

Participants, methods, scope and bibliography

Participants and methods: Combined 494 correlations from 95 independent studies of emotional labor.
Scope and limitations: The review mainly integrates correlational research. It cannot uniformly establish that emotional labor causes poor well-being.

Hülsheger, U. R., & Schewe, A. F. (2011). On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research.

Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(3), 361–389

DOI: 10.1037/a0022876

Original experimental research2007

Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli.

Labeling emotions produced lower responses in the amygdala and related regions, and higher activity in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, than other processing conditions.

Connection to this page

Offers a way to consider noticing what surprised or worried you before reacting immediately.

Participants, methods, scope and bibliography

Participants and methods: Used fMRI to compare labeling emotions in evocative images with other processing conditions.
Scope and limitations: The findings concern brain activity during an image task. They do not show that putting feelings into words resolves workplace conflicts.

Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli.

Psychological Science, 18(5), 421–428

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01916.x

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Research on “感情”

Habits in Everyday Life: Thought, Emotion, and Action

Connection to this page

Facilitating internalization: The self-determination theory perspective

Connection to this page

Perspective mistaking: Accurately understanding the mind of another requires getting perspective, not taking perspective

Connection to this page

Why It Pays to Get Inside the Head of Your Opponent: The Differential Effects of Perspective Taking and Empathy in Negotiations

Connection to this page

Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology.

Connection to this page

Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction.

Connection to this page

On the costs and benefits of emotional labor: A meta-analysis of three decades of research.

Connection to this page

Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli.

Connection to this page

Use this research in your workplace