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REQUEST | Organizational-Andragogy®
338,000 participants · 980 companiesBehavioral data from our fieldwork (cumulative).
A day with the top 5% at workAn illustrated guide
How you take a request, speak at a meeting or follow up on advice.Find one habit to try in your own work.
Choose where to start ↓The top 5% addresssmall gaps in understanding.
Through experience, they have learned how small gaps in understanding can affect later work. They check the other person’s intention and share their own understanding. These small actions become everyday habits.
Action
Check the other person’s intention.
Report the result of what you tried.
Thinking
What they pay attention to
and how they think about it.
Values
What they consider
important in their work.
↶ Responses to what you try inform your next experience and judgment.
Small differences in understanding can change the work that follows.
Share of mix-ups at work
68–72%
The proportion of work-related mix-ups accounted for by small differences in understanding arising in everyday conversation.
More hesitation, rework and repeat explanations
Up to about3.2×
The observed factor of increase in later hesitation, rework and repeat explanations when work continued with differences in understanding unresolved.
Decision-making accuracy
35–40% lower
Decision-making accuracy tended to decline when the conversation continued with differences in understanding unresolved.
Patterns observed in our workplace practice. See how we observe the work ↓
Try one habit at work today
Sales · Starting work Start with this one
Decide what you aim to reach today before starting work.
View this action → View all 16 habits in this scene ↓After trying it, notice what the other person said or did.
Explore the reasons behind the habits in the book →A day in sales116 habits across 13 work situations.
Connect clients' expectations with the conditions for supplying and carrying out the work in-house.
Choose a situation to see the habits, our observations and three ways to interpret what happened.
Morning→Working together→Changes during the day→Before leaving
Throughout the day
13 Imagining others' workSix habits for considering the other person’s work in any situation.Start of the day
Getting started in the morning
0116 habits
Starting work
“Both the client and my colleagues are waiting for a reply.”
Day overview ↑Decide what you aim to reach today before starting work.
People who decide what they aim to reach today before starting a task tend to spend 33% less time hesitating before they begin, on average.
Start in the morning on work that may become harder later in the day.
People who identify in the morning the work likely to become a problem later that day tend to have 29% fewer urgent issues to handle in the evening, on average.
Check what unfinished work is waiting for.
People who distinguish unfinished work awaiting action from work awaiting a decision tend to take 36% less time to restart it the next day, on average.
When your thinking stalls, draw the relationships or flow.
People who draw the relationships when their thinking stalls tend to overlook 33% fewer issues, on average.
Give people waiting for you an update on what to expect in the morning.
People who update those waiting for them in the morning tend to receive 33% fewer reminders or requests for clarification, on average.
Also decide what you will not work on today.
People who remove 1 task before starting tend to begin their priority work 24% sooner, on average.
Choose when to check email to suit your work.
People who decide before starting work whether to handle incoming messages first or protect time for thinking tend to have 27% fewer interruptions to concentration from unplanned responses during the morning, on average.
Scan subject lines for the messages you need before opening email.
People who sort priorities from subject lines alone tend to spend 28% less time hesitating before their first reply, on average.
Separate emails to answer now from emails to check later.
People who sort incoming emails by the type of response needed tend to receive 34% fewer requests for clarification after replying, on average.
Check the actual deadline for an urgent message.
People who separate urgent requests by their content before responding tend to have 33% less rework after handling them, on average.
Find the role expected of you in a long email.
People who read a confusing email by separating its purpose from what is expected of them tend to have 36% fewer misunderstandings after replying, on average.
Check the request in the email before opening an attachment.
People who identify what to check before opening an attachment tend to spend 34% less time reviewing the material, on average.
Identify the kind of response the other person needs before replying.
People who check what kind of reply the other person needs before responding tend to receive 39% fewer requests for clarification afterward, on average.
Understand what the other person is trying to decide.
Including decision criteria in a reply is associated with 38% fewer follow-up email exchanges on average.
If you cannot answer right away, first say when you can reply.
People who give an expected reply time when they cannot answer immediately tend to receive 44% fewer reminders from the other person, on average.
When you feel unsettled, choose one first action.
Behavioral observations show that people who decide on even one first action at the start of the workday tend to make 33% fewer emotionally driven replies or remarks, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
The first reply of the morning may be information a customer needs for their next decision. Understanding who is waiting and what they want to decide helps you choose where to start among yesterday’s unfinished tasks.
Art Thinking
Reconsider today’s work through what the customer is doingRead explanationClose explanation+
Set an intended outcome, map the connections between tasks, and consider what the other person is trying to decide. Together, these actions let you review today’s schedule in relation to the customer’s work. Incoming requests and responses offer a starting point for asking what would be useful to deliver.
Logical Sensemaking®
Translate an incoming request into the work you need to doRead explanationClose explanation+
Distinguishing why work remains unfinished and checking an email’s purpose, your role, and its deadline both help you understand the situation. Rather than deciding from the word “urgent” or your own anxiety alone, use information from customers and colleagues to update your understanding of the response needed now.
Judgment Design®
Create room to choose where to start and how to replyRead explanationClose explanation+
Deciding the intended outcome, what not to do now, and when to handle messages prepares the salesperson to choose an action. Give the other person a clear expectation while securing information and time to think. The conditions also include being able to revisit the order and reply you chose.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑025 habits
Receiving a task
“I want to answer quickly and put them at ease.”
Day overview ↑Restate a request in your own understanding of it.
People who check their understanding in one sentence immediately after receiving a request tend to have 34% fewer misunderstandings or revisions sent back after the work, on average.
State your understanding, then deepen your understanding of the other person’s work.
Reply in one sentence and hear what the other person adds. Use that response to reconsider your understanding and approach.
01State your understanding in one sentence
Sales
02Hear what the other person adds
Manager
03Revise your understanding and approach
Check which factors the customer needs to compare and confirm the operating conditions internally. Alongside the features, prepare material comparing use, costs and operational workload.
Check the meaning you supplied yourself, and revisit the purpose if needed. Take unresolved questions to the people or situations that can help clarify them.
After sharing the material, look at which factors left the customer uncertain and what they needed to check.
Why can the same words bring different work to mind?
People construct meaning using what they know and what seems important in the situation, as well as the words they hear. The following studies examine differences in those cues.
Knowledge and context guide understanding
Across several experiments, Bransford and Johnson discuss how comprehension and memory draw on a reader’s knowledge and the context provided, as well as the words themselves. At work, sharing a document’s intended use and situation can help people clarify what the words mean.
Bransford & Johnson (1973)Perspective changes which information matters
Experiments in which participants read the same stories from different perspectives found that information important to the assigned perspective was more likely to be learned and later recalled. At work, different purposes and uses can similarly lead people to give different weight to the same material.
Pichert & Anderson (1977)You and the other person may see different things
In experiments involving instructions to move objects, listeners looked even at objects the speaker could not see. The work showed a process of revising interpretations in light of what the speaker could see. At work, check which documents and conditions each person has in view.
Keysar et al. (2000)Browse research on dialogue and shared understanding →
Name the work in terms of what it is useful for.
People who put the purpose of the work into one sentence before starting tend to receive 32% fewer requests for revision after submitting it, on average.
Check who will use the work and in what situation.
People who check who will use a document and in what situation before preparing it tend to receive 33% fewer requests for clarification after submitting it, on average.
Check the reactions of people you cannot meet directly through records or those who deal with them.
People who check reactions with someone who actually dealt with the other person before preparing a document or considering a proposal tend to receive 30% fewer requests for revision after submitting it, on average.
Remember that the relationship will continue before replying.
Behavioral observations show that people who consider the future relationship when replying in an emotional situation tend to encounter 30% fewer later instances of holding back from seeking advice or delayed reporting, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
When the requester and the person using the result are different people, what is needed may mean different things. Looking ahead to its use is a reason to check your understanding before accepting the work.
Art Thinking
Explore useful work behind the words of a requestRead explanationClose explanation+
When you state a request back in your own words and check who will use the result and where, you can encounter purposes that the instructions alone do not reveal. Learn about people you cannot meet through colleagues and records. This opens questions about what Sales should create and how to deliver it usefully.
Logical Sensemaking®
Compare your understanding with the requester’s and user’s workRead explanationClose explanation+
Putting the purpose into words and sharing that understanding with the requester lets you check your interpretation. Learning about actual use and responses, while considering the continuing relationship, helps you update what the entrusted work means through the exchange itself.
Judgment Design®
Check your understanding before choosing how to proceedRead explanationClose explanation+
Look for opportunities for the salesperson to ask about purpose and use, and to share their understanding. Clarify the information needed, the choices they may make, and how to learn what happened when the work was used. Conditions for deciding and learning begin when the request is received.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑0315 habits
Email and chat
“I feel a little relieved when a reply arrives.”
Day overview ↑State clearly what you want the other person to do.
People who put the action they want from the other person into one sentence before sending a message tend to receive 35% fewer requests for clarification afterward, on average.
State whether the purpose is checking, deciding, or sharing in the subject line or opening.
People who state the purpose in the subject line or opening tend to receive 37% fewer follow-up questions asking what needs to be checked, on average.
State the request or direction first, then give the background.
People who put the purpose first in a long email tend to receive 38% fewer questions asking what the recipient is supposed to do, on average.
Put the deadline and what needs checking near the beginning.
People who put the deadline near the beginning tend to see 34% fewer instances of the deadline being overlooked or checked again, on average.
Say specifically where you want the other person to look in a document.
People who specify what to check when sending an attachment tend to receive 31% fewer repeat checks from the recipient, on average.
Say whether a reply is needed and what you want in it.
People who state before sending whether a reply is needed tend to have 36% fewer clarification exchanges afterward, on average.
Bring the main point together before sending.
People who bring their message down to 1 main point before sending a series of chat messages tend to have 35% fewer clarification exchanges afterward, on average.
Add a brief explanation where the reader may be unsure.
People who add a brief explanation of a point the recipient may be unsure about before sending tend to have 34% fewer clarification exchanges afterward, on average.
Frame a difficult message as something you want to check.
People who soften their wording before sending a difficult message tend to receive 32% fewer defensive replies afterward, on average.
Say when a response is needed in messages sent outside working hours.
People who add a note such as no reply needed or tomorrow or later is fine to messages sent outside working hours tend to receive 31% fewer unnecessary immediate replies, on average.
If you want to reply immediately, save a draft and review it.
People who save an emotional reply as a draft and review it tend to make 37% fewer corrections or follow-up apologies after sending, on average.
Before replying, check that you have answered the question.
People who reread the intention behind the other person's question before replying tend to receive 36% fewer requests for clarification afterward, on average.
Step away briefly, then review the message from the reader's position.
People who leave a reply they are unsure about for a short time before reviewing it tend to make 33% fewer corrections or supplementary replies after sending, on average.
Close the exchange with words that leave room for future consultation.
People who add how to proceed next at the end of a reply tend to receive early requests for advice from the same person 27% more often, on average.
Adjust words that will remain on record so their assumptions are clear.
Behavioral observations show that people who review an objection with its lasting record in mind tend to make 35% fewer corrections or supplementary messages after sending, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
Even after a colleague replies, what you can promise the customer depends on what the message says. Consider what the customer will use the answer for alongside confirmed information and deadlines to see what this message needs to include.
Art Thinking
Use the reader’s response to explore how to communicateRead explanationClose explanation+
When deciding what you want the reader to do, where to look, and whether to reply, imagine how they will actually use the message. Step away from the draft, then review it and notice the questions that come back. Wording becomes an opportunity to explore what would help customers and colleagues.
Logical Sensemaking®
Separate the request from its background and check differences in understandingRead explanationClose explanation+
Putting the request first, its background afterward, and checking that you answered the question helps clarify the work the reader is being asked to take on. Compare later questions with the original message to find where the sender’s intention and the reader’s understanding diverged.
Judgment Design®
Protect time for the reader to decide and the sender to reviewRead explanationClose explanation+
A deadline and a clear indication of whether a reply is needed help the reader choose their order of action. Consider notes about after-hours messages, drafting and rereading, and wording that keeps future consultation possible. Both sides need time to think and opportunities to review the result and revise how they communicate.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑Time spent working together
Working with other people
0417 habits
Meetings
“Sales cannot decide everything on its own.”
What to look forWhose answer does the customer need in order to decide?
Day overview ↑Decide what to focus on before entering the next meeting.
People who set aside emotions from a previous appointment before the next one tend to make 34% fewer corrections or overly rushed explanations in the next conversation, on average.
Say where you want people to look before explaining a document.
People who specify the page or section to look at before explaining tend to receive 42% fewer questions about where to look during meetings, on average.
Keep your explanation brief and leave time for the other person to think.
People who decide before a meeting to shorten their own explanation tend to hear 32% more contributions from participants during the meeting, on average.
Consider the other person's likely concerns in advance.
People who anticipate 1 likely objection before a meeting tend to make 34% fewer revisions to their explanation after an objection is raised, on average.
Check from another position even when everyone seems to agree.
People who ask about problems faced by those doing the work during meetings tend to receive 33% fewer requests for clarification after meetings, on average.
When opinions differ, check the assumptions behind each one.
People who note the assumptions behind conflicting opinions during meetings tend to carry 34% fewer unresolved issues into later discussions, on average.
Wait 2 seconds before filling a silence.
People who habitually pause rather than immediately speak into a silence during meetings tend to hear 29% more additional contributions from participants, on average.
Ask about the specific problem behind strong words.
People who reinterpret a forceful remark in a meeting as a sign of a problem tend to have 32% fewer confrontational exchanges afterward, on average.
Check what information is missing before speaking.
People who clarify their purpose before speaking tend to have 31% fewer digressions caused by introducing additional issues during meetings, on average.
Create an opening for someone who has been quiet to speak.
People who check the expressions and reactions of participants who have not spoken during meetings tend to hear 33% fewer additional concerns after the meeting, on average.
Use the other person's own words to continue the conversation.
People who first acknowledge the other person's words before speaking during meetings tend to receive 34% fewer objections or defensive replies afterward, on average.
Note what feels wrong so you can check it later.
People who note a concern as something to check rather than immediately objecting during meetings tend to have 30% fewer confrontational exchanges in the meeting, on average.
After a meeting or business discussion, ask what was difficult to say there.
People who briefly ask after a meeting about concerns that were difficult to raise or obstacles to implementation tend to have 32% fewer implementation holds or decisions sent back for revision, on average.
Record the owner, deadline, and next action in the meeting notes.
People who clarify the owner, deadline, and 1 next action immediately after a meeting tend to have 35% fewer delays in implementation afterward, on average.
Tell the person who will act next about the agreed direction promptly.
People who briefly pass the outcome of a meeting to the first person who needs to act that same day tend to have 36% fewer gaps in confirmation before the next meeting, on average.
Note words the other person repeats and use them in your next preparation.
People who record words the other person repeated after a meeting tend to have 36% fewer misunderstandings in the next interaction, on average.
When emotions run high, narrow down what needs deciding now to one thing.
Behavioral observations show that people who bring a heated conversation back to the issue tend to leave 30% fewer matters undecided afterward, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
People may support the same proposal while caring about different conditions. Considering comments, silence, and the work of those who act afterward helps you distinguish what was agreed from concerns that remain.
Art Thinking
Explore a proposal’s possibilities through responses before and after a meetingRead explanationClose explanation+
Prepare by imagining concerns, and seek another position even when everyone agrees. Silence, repeated words, and conversations after the meeting may reveal needs the sales proposal alone does not capture. Compare an unfinished idea with the other person and reconsider what the proposal is meant to achieve.
Logical Sensemaking®
Trace comments and assumptions to understand what agreement meansRead explanationClose explanation+
Bring attention to the same material, acknowledge others’ words, and check the assumptions behind opinions and strong language. Do not close your understanding at agreement or disagreement. Compare records and concerns that were hard to voice to reconsider what was decided and what remains unresolved.
Judgment Design®
Connect time to think with action after the decisionRead explanationClose explanation+
Keep explanations brief, allow silence, and offer quieter participants a way to speak. These conditions help people contribute information for a decision. Record and share responsibilities, deadlines, and next actions, connecting choices during the meeting with opportunities to review what happened in practice.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑059 habits
Seeking advice
“I want to respect both sides' wishes.”
Day overview ↑Prepare a tentative proposal before asking for advice.
People who prepare 1 tentative proposal before asking for advice tend to receive 34% fewer requests for clarification afterward, on average.
Separate the facts, tentative proposal, and uncertainties when asking for advice.
People who separate the facts, proposal, and uncertainties before seeking advice tend to have 36% less backtracking during the discussion, on average.
Show what each option offers and what it makes harder.
People who clarify the advantages and concerns for each option before seeking advice tend to receive 33% fewer requests for clarification during the discussion, on average.
Keep the advice you receive in a short phrase you can use at work.
People who briefly note the advice immediately after a discussion tend to repeat the same request for advice 32% less often, on average.
Understand the decision criteria behind the advice.
People who reflect on the reasons behind advice after a discussion tend to seek the same type of advice 30% less often, on average.
Note the difference between what you and the adviser were looking at.
People who note 1 difference between their own thinking and the advice afterward tend to repeat the same type of request for advice 31% less often, on average.
Decide how to use the advice in your next piece of work.
People who decide after receiving advice what to do next time in the same situation tend to seek advice again on the same topic 33% less often, on average.
After using advice, briefly report what happened.
People who report the results after receiving advice tend to receive additional advice from their manager or a more experienced colleague in later discussions at about 1.5 times the frequency.
When emotions arise, reply briefly and return to checking the work.
Behavioral observations show that people who shorten their replies or remarks when emotions arise tend to have 31% less unnecessary broadening of the discussion afterward, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
The meaning of the same advice changes depending on whether the adviser emphasized a customer’s deadline or the number of people affected. Those reasons help the salesperson revise a tentative idea and make their own judgment in the next customer conversation.
Art Thinking
Let responses to a tentative idea broaden your questionsRead explanationClose explanation+
Showing an unfinished idea and the point you are unsure about opens contact with another person’s perspective. Use the strengths and concerns of each option, and differences from the advice, to explore customer circumstances or possibilities you overlooked. Repeated consultation can also change what you see as the question the work must address.
Logical Sensemaking®
Trace the reasons behind advice and how they differ from your viewRead explanationClose explanation+
Present facts, a tentative idea, and uncertainty separately. Record the adviser’s words, reasons, and differences from your view. Compare these with what happened after you used the advice to understand when that criterion helps. This is learning the meaning of a judgment as well as remembering an answer.
Judgment Design®
Connect consultation with experience of making your own choicesRead explanationClose explanation+
Look from preparing an idea before consultation through choosing how to use advice and reporting the result. The salesperson needs a scope for trying, time for consultation, and information for reflection. Even with support, they need conditions for returning to the reasons for their own choice and its outcome.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑067 habits
Asking someone to help
“This sudden request may put a burden on them.”
Day overview ↑Provide the information the other person needs to begin the work.
People who bring together the purpose, deadline, and reference material before making a request tend to have 36% fewer clarification exchanges afterward, on average.
Prepare an alternative before asking, in case the request is difficult.
People who prepare a backup plan before making a request tend to have 31% less time when the work is stalled afterward, on average.
Add that difficulties can be raised while the work is still in progress.
People who ask others to consult them early if a request proves difficult tend to receive 32% fewer reports of unfinished work just before the deadline, on average.
Make the first task small when asking someone to start.
People who divide a difficult request into small parts when explaining it tend to have 34% fewer delays in getting started afterward, on average.
Tell the other person what their help made possible.
People who give specific feedback on how the help was useful after a request tend to receive cooperation 30% sooner the next time they ask, on average.
Keep a record of a request that helped the work move forward so you can use it again.
People who note what worked well in how they made a request tend to have 28% less rework the next time they ask, on average.
When responses do not match, review the assumptions you communicated.
Behavioral observations show that people who review the assumptions they communicated when the other person's response does not match tend to have 31% fewer clarification exchanges of the same kind, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
When you can answer the customer also depends on what the person you asked can check and how far they can proceed. Connecting their work with the customer’s schedule clarifies the scope of the request and the importance of opportunities to consult along the way.
Art Thinking
Reconsider the requested work through responses along the wayRead explanationClose explanation+
Sharing the purpose, preparing an alternative, and asking for a small start create opportunities to hear responses before the work is finished. Notice difficulties and adaptations, and revisit the assumptions you conveyed. Explore both what you want to deliver for the customer and a way of working that lets colleagues use their strengths.
Logical Sensemaking®
Understand why a way of asking helped the work moveRead explanationClose explanation+
Compare the purpose, deadline, and materials with questions and progress after the request. Explain what the help contributed to, and record effective ways of asking and mismatched assumptions. This helps you understand how your intention was interpreted in the other person’s work, including the conditions for using that approach again.
Judgment Design®
Connect starting information, consultation, and checking resultsRead explanationClose explanation+
Alongside information, provide a small initial scope and make clear that the person can consult if it becomes difficult. Clarify their discretion and support, then explain what the result helped achieve. Both the requester and the person doing the work need conditions for reflecting on the approach they chose.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑079 habits
Giving an update
“Some things are still not confirmed.”
Day overview ↑Start a report with the information the other person needs to decide.
People who begin a report with what helps the recipient tend to receive 34% fewer follow-up questions afterward, on average.
Decide how to state the subject briefly before reporting.
People who put the purpose of a report into one sentence beforehand tend to receive 38% fewer questions from their manager asking what the report is about, on average.
Clarify what you want the other person to decide before reporting.
People who identify 1 decision they want before reporting tend to receive 35% fewer requests for clarification from their manager, on average.
Explain what the numbers mean for the work.
People who briefly explain the meaning of numbers when reporting them tend to receive 36% fewer requests for clarification from their manager, on average.
Limit the options you seek advice on to two, and make the comparison clear.
People who narrow their options to no more than 2 tend to receive 33% fewer questions from their manager asking which option is better, on average.
Include your own proposed approach when asking for a decision.
People who include their own assessment before asking for a decision tend to receive 32% fewer requests for clarification from their manager, on average.
Consider who or which departments the decision will affect before reporting.
People who clarify who or which departments a decision will affect before reporting tend to receive 34% fewer requests for clarification afterward, on average.
Anticipate what the other person may ask and include that information first.
People who anticipate what their manager is likely to ask next before reporting tend to receive 34% fewer requests for clarification afterward, on average.
When emotions arise, take time to check before deciding.
Behavioral observations show that people who avoid an immediate decision when emotions arise and briefly say they need time to check tend to revise 34% fewer decisions later, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
Beyond a report to your manager is a customer waiting for an answer. Connect figures showing the situation, your interpretation, and the decision you need from your manager to understand whose next judgment the report will support.
Art Thinking
Reconsider the report’s question through the people beyond the decisionRead explanationClose explanation+
When defining the decision you need, imagine how it will affect customers and related departments. Put your interpretation and alternatives into a form others can examine. Alongside the answer you prepared, ask what the decision is meant to achieve. A report can be a point of contact for exploring possibilities in the work.
Logical Sensemaking®
Connect figures and interpretations with the context of the decisionRead explanationClose explanation+
State the report’s purpose, explain what the figures mean, and show alternatives and your interpretation. Together, these actions give the reader a route to understanding the situation. Comparing expected questions with actual responses helps clarify both the situation you saw and the perspective your manager brought to the decision.
Judgment Design®
Form your own judgment and compare it with your manager’sRead explanationClose explanation+
While organizing the requested decision and points of comparison, the salesperson should also consider which option they would choose. Secure time to check and information about those affected, then compare the manager’s reasons with your interpretation. Reporting involves both requesting a decision and learning through it.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑What happens in one exchange shapes the next person’s work.
Breaks and unexpected events
Adjusting as the day unfolds
086 habits
Restroom and breaks
“All I was thinking about was meeting the deadline.”
Day overview ↑Exhale as you flush, and decide what to do first when you return.
People who pause for 3–5 seconds in the restroom just after feeling rushed, rather than returning immediately, tend to have 31% fewer follow-up checks after conversations, on average.
Check your expression in the mirror before meeting someone.
People who check their own expression before a one-to-one conversation, business discussion, or meeting have been observed to hear 27% more from the other person at the beginning, on average.
Reflect on how you spoke together with the other person's reaction.
People who briefly reflect on how they spoke and the other person's reaction have been observed to encounter 33% fewer delayed reports or instances of holding back from seeking advice in later interactions, on average.
When you feel rushed, separate decisions needed now from decisions that can wait.
People who separate decisions when they feel rushed have been observed to have 35% fewer later changes of decision or repeated checks, on average.
Tell yourself what to do first, even if you do not feel fully settled.
People who briefly decide what to do first before returning to their desk after feeling discouraged tend to have 31% fewer repeated work-related checks after returning, on average.
If you are about to reply impulsively, do one different action first.
Behavioral observations show that people who insert 1 action unrelated to replying just after emotions arise, rather than replying immediately, tend to make 31% fewer corrections after conversations, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
Anxiety after a customer conversation and what the customer actually said are different clues. Reconsidering both during a pause helps you choose what to check on return and which decision can wait.
Art Thinking
Use a short pause to reconsider how you relate to othersRead explanationClose explanation+
Interrupting the flow with another action and reviewing your expression and wording can help you look at the customer interaction from a little distance. Consider the relationship and working situation you want, using the other person’s response and what bothered you as clues. Explore wording or an approach to try when you return.
Logical Sensemaking®
Separate feelings from events and reconsider the situationRead explanationClose explanation+
Reflect on your expression, what you said, and the other person’s response. Separate decisions that anxiety had bundled together. Rather than assuming how the other person felt, compare your interpretation with the actual exchange. Clarify what happened while emotions were running high and consider the response needed next.
Judgment Design®
Create time to move beyond an immediate reply and choose againRead explanationClose explanation+
A short pause and separating decisions for now from those for later create conditions for reconsidering a reflexive reply. The salesperson can choose the first action, consult if needed, and review the exchange after returning. There can be opportunities to prepare a judgment in the middle of work, too.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑098 habits
Handling problems
“Things had finally been moving forward.”
Day overview ↑Clarify the impact of a problem and the first response to take.
People who clarify who is affected and the initial response before reporting bad news tend to receive 38% fewer requests for clarification afterward, on average.
State what actually happened in the first report.
People who note only the facts of what happened before reporting bad news tend to have 35% fewer repeated checks of the facts afterward, on average.
Check the scope of the impact before explaining the cause.
People who check the scope of the impact before reporting bad news tend to receive 36% fewer requests for clarification afterward, on average.
Along with apologizing, consider what the other person needs to move their work forward.
People who clarify the other person's difficulties before reporting bad news tend to give 33% fewer repeated explanations or additional apologies afterward, on average.
State the situation and initial response before explaining the circumstances.
People who remove words that could sound like excuses before reporting bad news tend to give 32% fewer additional explanations or corrections afterward, on average.
Say what is not yet certain, what you will check, and when.
People who clearly state what is still uncertain in an interim report and when more will be known tend to receive 40% fewer repeat checks or reminders from their manager, on average.
Separate what you know from what you do not yet know.
People who separate what they know from what they do not yet know before reporting bad news tend to have 34% fewer repeated checks of the facts afterward, on average.
When emotions arise, check what is actually happening.
Behavioral observations show that people who begin by checking the facts when emotions arise tend to have 32% fewer confrontational exchanges after the conversation, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
The same delay can require a different first message depending on when the customer’s preparations will stop. Separate what has happened from unknowns to see what the customer can decide now and what must await the next check.
Art Thinking
Reconsider the approach through the response the other person needsRead explanationClose explanation+
While taking initial action, attend to the affected person’s difficulties and the work that has stopped. Imagine what they need beyond an apology or explanation, and check it with those involved. Distinguish what is known from what is uncertain, then reconsider useful support and ways forward.
Logical Sensemaking®
Organize facts and effects, and keep updating your understandingRead explanationClose explanation+
Report facts first, check the extent of the effects, and separate known from unknown information. Keep interpretations of cause and responsibility distinct from confirmed information. As new information arrives, update both your understanding of the situation and what you communicate.
Judgment Design®
Separate decisions possible now from the checks needed nextRead explanationClose explanation+
Organizing effects and the initial response helps the salesperson see which options are available now. For uncertainty, establish who will check what and when they will report back. Clarify consultation contacts and decision authority, and include an opportunity to review the judgment after the response.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑108 habits
When work gets busy
“I do not want to keep anyone waiting.”
Day overview ↑Check what the other person actually needs before adding more work.
People who check which customer decision the work will support before adding more work tend to have 31% less work to redo later, on average.
Understand whose work a requested task will help and how.
People who check whose work the task will move forward and in what way before starting tend to have 29% less work to redo after submitting it, on average.
First write down the work on your mind.
People who write out their tasks when busy tend to spend 32% less time hesitating before starting, on average.
Take care of a small matter that is weighing on your mind first.
People who first handle 1 short task when busy tend to take 28% less time to restart their next main task, on average.
When work overlaps, check the order in which to proceed.
People who check the order of work early when they have taken on too much tend to have 34% fewer unplanned delays, on average.
Separate being busy into workload, uncertainty, and waiting.
People who separate their work by type when busy tend to spend 30% less time hesitating before starting, on average.
Look for ways to reduce the scope before taking on too much.
People who first look for ways to reduce their work when busy tend to have 27% less unplanned overtime that day, on average.
Slow your speech a little when emotions run high.
Behavioral observations show that people who deliberately slow their speech when emotions arise tend to encounter guarded reactions from the other person 29% less often, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
A customer waiting for a reply and a colleague unable to act without information are blocked for different reasons. Consider workload, your uncertainty, and waiting for others alongside their next piece of work to reconsider where to start.
Art Thinking
Reconsider work through the value it should deliverRead explanationClose explanation+
Start by checking what the customer actually needs and whose work each task helps. Write tasks down and distinguish volume, uncertainty, and waiting. This can reveal where to question the approach or scope. Being busy can become an entry point for reconsidering the shape of the work.
Logical Sensemaking®
Translate the feeling of busyness into roles and the state of the workRead explanationClose explanation+
Separate needed work, requests on your mind, uncertain decisions, and information you are waiting for. Compare the other person’s account with your own tasks and check their order. This makes busyness more concrete and helps you consider what to reduce and what to move forward first.
Judgment Design®
Create conditions to choose again rather than carry everythingRead explanationClose explanation+
Completing small requests, discussing the order of work, and reducing scope are ways to choose the next action. Check whether information, support, and time to think are available. Notice when anxiety enters the conversation and consider conditions for reviewing the choices you make.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑116 habits
Receiving corrective feedback
“I thought I had considered that.”
Day overview ↑When you receive feedback, ask what to change next.
People who check what to improve immediately after being corrected tend to have the same issue raised again 34% less often, on average.
Understand feedback as an action you can change next time.
People who understand feedback in terms of specific actions tend to take 32% less time to begin making improvements after being corrected, on average.
Extract a point you can use next time from strong words.
People who extract 1 usable point after being corrected tend to show a rate of behavioral improvement afterward about 1.5 times as high.
Tell the person who gave feedback what action you will change next.
People who respond to feedback with a specific corrective action tend to receive the same correction 31% less often, on average.
On the day you receive feedback, note one action you can change from tomorrow.
People who decide on 1 action to change after being corrected tend to have 30% less uncertainty about how to begin work the next day, on average.
Check your current role before replying.
Behavioral observations show that people who check their own role before replying when emotions arise tend to make 29% fewer corrections after the conversation, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
Feedback may reveal a difficulty experienced by someone using the proposal. Compare the situation in which strong words were used with what you communicated to consider which change tomorrow would help that person.
Art Thinking
Turn feedback into an approach to try nextRead explanationClose explanation+
Step back from the force of the words, identify usable content, and consider what you want to achieve with the customer or colleague. Put a change in behavior into words, try it, and check the response. This can become an opportunity to reconsider how you relate and communicate as a salesperson.
Logical Sensemaking®
Understand feedback through specific behavior and your roleRead explanationClose explanation+
Ask what needs correcting, return to the actual behavior, and identify what you can use next even in strong wording. Do not confuse it with an evaluation of your whole self. Compare it with your work role, check differences in understanding, and make the reason for change concrete.
Judgment Design®
Choose and communicate a change, then return to its resultRead explanationClose explanation+
After feedback, the salesperson chooses what to change, tells the other person, and records it for the next piece of work. Consider the scope for trying, consultation contacts, and opportunities to check responses. Connect the reply, the action, and later reflection as experience of making a judgment.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑Even an ordinary day brings changes of plan and moments when emotions run high.
End of the day
Carrying today’s work into tomorrow
124 habits
Before leaving work
“Tomorrow, I want to move the discussion forward.”
Day overview ↑Keep unanswered questions as work to check next.
People who note unanswered items in a checklist after handling a matter tend to leave 34% fewer items without a reply, on average.
Reflect what you hear about the other person's schedule and workload in your plans.
People who note the other person's schedule or workload from an informal conversation and adjust their own plans tend to have 31% fewer waits for confirmation or requests needing to be reissued the next day, on average.
Write down what to start with tomorrow.
People who decide on 1 first action for the next day before finishing work tend to spend 33% less time hesitating before starting the next morning, on average.
When expressing dissatisfaction, state the conditions the work needs.
Behavioral observations show that people who explain why something causes difficulty in terms of the work standards they value, when dissatisfied with someone, tend to receive 33% fewer defensive responses after raising the issue, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
A task left at the end of the day also involves someone waiting for tomorrow morning’s reply. What remains unanswered, and which check would let you answer, become material for deciding where to resume.
Art Thinking
Shape tomorrow’s work through unfinished requests and conversationsRead explanationClose explanation+
Review unanswered questions and circumstances learned in brief conversations to imagine how you could help tomorrow. Reframe dissatisfaction as conditions the work needs. Choosing a starting point can open a search for an approach and wording that fit the other person’s situation.
Logical Sensemaking®
Connect unfinished work and others’ circumstances with the next stepsRead explanationClose explanation+
Leave unanswered matters as checks to make, and compare the other person’s schedule and workload with your own plan. Put important work criteria into words to clarify what you are waiting for and why you chose that order. Carry today’s understanding into tomorrow’s actions.
Judgment Design®
Leave clues that let you resume decisions the next dayRead explanationClose explanation+
Record whom to ask about an unanswered matter, the other person’s schedule, and the first action to take. These are conditions for returning to the information needed the next morning. Make it possible to compare your chosen plan with what you later learned, linking judgment experience across days.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑Throughout the day
Looking ahead to the people your work reaches
136 habits
Imagining others' work
“Whose concern was behind that question?”
Day overview ↑Record the other person's reaction as something that happened.
People who note the other person's reaction as a fact rather than immediately judging it tend to have 31% fewer clarification exchanges in the next interaction, on average.
Consider the situation behind the other person's words and actions.
People who consider the situation before replying when something in the other person's words or actions feels wrong tend to give 33% fewer additional explanations afterward, on average.
Reply with the other person's next explanation or decision in mind.
People who imagine those beyond the person they are replying to tend to receive 34% fewer repeat checks afterward, on average.
Note what would be useful to communicate in the next interaction.
People who note what would be useful to communicate next after dealing with someone tend to spend 29% less time preparing for the next interaction, on average.
Note the questions that arise when you imagine the other person's situation.
People who note what to ask next tend to take 33% less time to understand the other person's difficulty in the next conversation, on average.
Put an assumption you took for granted into one sentence.
Behavioral observations show that people who put their own assumptions into one sentence before speaking when emotions arise tend to have repeated conflicts with the same person 27% less often, on average.
Understand this scene’s actions through three perspectives
There are several ways to interpret a contact looking silently at a document. Imagining the work of the people who will use it next helps distinguish what you observed from what to check before proposing a response.
Art Thinking
Move between observation and imagination to explore ways to helpRead explanationClose explanation+
Look at the customer’s response as it occurred, and imagine the background of their words and the people they must explain things to next. Reconsider assumptions you take for granted and note what to say or ask next. Actual responses help you explore needs and ways to help that you have not yet noticed.
Logical Sensemaking®
Compare facts, imagination, and your own assumptionsRead explanationClose explanation+
Treat recording a response and imagining its background as distinct activities. Note your assumptions and the questions you want to check, then compare them with the accounts of those involved. This can turn assumptions into an updated understanding, including an interpretation of the work beyond your immediate contact.
Judgment Design®
Choose a question and response, then learn from what comes backRead explanationClose explanation+
Use recorded responses and questions as material when the salesperson chooses what to ask and communicate. Look for opportunities to check with the other person and learn their response to a changed approach. Even noting an imagined situation can lead toward conditions for choosing and learning independently.
How might you put this into words at work? See a book example across three roles →
Choose another situation ↑See the day from another role
Try your chosen action, then decide what comes next.
Check the response after trying it, then choose the action your work needs now.
After trying it, choose from your current situation.
Reflect on the other person’s response and how the work progressedCould you put the differing conditions into words?
Choose the description closest to your situation to find a habit to use next.
Choose from other work situations
Check the data and why this may help
Why this action may help
Putting what you take for granted into words gives the other person room to show their own assumptions, allowing both of you to compare the conditions that differed.
See the observations for this habit ↑Analysis by Request Co., Ltd.
Move between three perspectives as you examine the work.
As new things become clear, revisit the aim, your understanding of the work, and the conditions for making a judgment.
An example from Sales
After you send a proposal, the customer gives no specific reply.
Art Thinking
Reconsider what to aim for.
Ask what the customer needs to move forward, and explore what kind of proposal could offer new value.
See how this perspective works
Explore needs and ways to help not yet addressed through the customer’s work and responses.
Read a work situation through this perspective
Read the detailed explanation (in Japanese) ↗Logical Sensemaking®
Reconsider what happened and what it means.
Rather than assuming why there is no reply, compare the customer’s account with internal supply conditions and reconsider the response needed.
See how this perspective works
Compare customer exchanges with internal information to reconsider what the work means.
Read a work situation through this perspective
Read the detailed explanation (in Japanese) ↗Judgment Design®
Carry judgment experience into the next task.
Arrange information, a reply deadline, discretion, and access to advice so the salesperson can choose an approach and learn from the customer’s response.
See how this perspective works
Create conditions to choose an approach and learn from customer and colleague responses.
Read a work situation through this perspective
Read the detailed explanation (in Japanese) ↗Choose, act, and observe the other person’s responseCheck what the customer decided and where they were uncertain.
↶Revisit the question, your understanding, and the conditions for judgment
Research and practice behind this page.
We bring theory and academic research into dialogue with behavioral records and experience gathered through workplace practice.
Theory and academic research
Behavioral science ·Experiential learning · Adult learning · Self-determination theory · Self-efficacy
Our behavioral records and workplace practice
980 companies · 338,000 people
The cumulative scale of our work through training, workplace support and behavioral observation.
Organizational-Andragogy®
A framework for developing a sense of purpose, ways of seeing work and judgment through experience.
Bringing everyday actions and workplace records together.
Behavioral observation
What people communicated first and what they checked in reports, consultations and meetings.
1-on-1s and dialogue
What they were trying to decide, where they were uncertain and what advice they needed.
Work logs and reflection
How they understood events, what they noticed and what they intended to change next.
Workplace practice tasks
The small action they tried, the other person’s response and what they did afterward.
Following real work over time.
Initiatives involving continuing observation and testing in practice
A more extensive initiative
7yearsContinuing the work and following leaders’ activityWho we have observed
Those observed include leadership candidates recognized for their results within their departments, and people already leading departments.
What we examine in real work
We compare patterns among people who did and did not take a particular action in the same kind of work situation, and organize the differences observed in how work progressed.
What was uncertain or stalled before the work moved forward.
What they put into a sentence, separated out or shared first.
Differences in clarification exchanges, rework, reminders, repeat explanations and time before starting.
Use the response to inform the next work decision.
Five perspectives and their connection to habits
Try one action in your own work, then turn the experience into your next action. We consider this process through five perspectives.
in your work
response
Deepen your perspective through external research.
Explore academic research across eight fields.
67 publications on action, thinking and values. Choose a field to read what the research found and how it connects to this page.